Qian Zhang

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Pastoralists and the Environmental State

WHEN SEVERE SANDSTORMS swept Beijing at the beginning of this century, theimportance of the land degradation issue was lifted to an unprecedentedlevel since land degradation was seen as threatening the ‘national ecologicalsecurity’. To stop the underlying ‘ecological crisis’, a large-scale ‘ecologicalconstruction’ programme was carried out.This thesis focuses on exploring ecological resettlement, a policy measurein the programme, in the pastoral context of western China. The aim is tounderstand environmentalisation through drawing out the politics of theformulation, implementation and effects of ecological resettlement at and acrossdifferent scales. By combining insights from political ecology, environmentalgovernance, migration, and pastoralism studies, with fieldwork, interviews,analysis of policy documents, and statistical analysis, this book provides anuanced approach to exploring the human-environment relationship.The analysis exposes in a developmental context how the central state madegrassland degradation governable, how and why the local state put emphasismore on short-term-effective solutions rather than on environmentalsustainability, and how and why the pastoral households prioritised social,economic and cultural considerations over environmental concerns whenmaking migration decisions. The study draws attention to the significantimpact of ecological resettlement on Mongolian pastoralism. While furtherfragmented rangelands obstructed mobile pastoralism, new social arrangementsenabled migrant households to remain involved with pastoralism.

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